Aunque comúnmente asociamos el punto de congelación y el de ebullición del agua con sus estados físicos predominantes, la realidad es mucho más sutil. El agua, en cualquier condición, participa en un equilibrio dinámico entre sus tres fases —sólida, líquida y gaseosa— dependiendo de la temperatura y la presión. Esta tabla muestra la presión de vapor del agua a diversas temperaturas, incluidas algunas en las que raramente la imaginamos en estado gaseoso, como -50 °C. Esto pone de manifiesto que incluso a temperaturas extremadamente bajas, una pequeña fracción de las moléculas de agua logra pasar a la fase vapor, lo que explica la presencia de humedad ambiental aún en ambientes fríos dominados por el hielo.
|
T(°C) |
P(10⁻³ atm) |
P(mmHg) |
P(kPa) |
T(°C) |
P(atm) |
P(mmHg) |
P(kPa) |
T(°C) |
P(atm) |
P(mmHg) |
P(kPa) |
T(°C) |
P(atm) |
P(mmHg) |
P(kPa) |
|
-50 |
0.057 |
0.043 |
0.006 |
0 |
0.006 |
4.54 |
0.606 |
50 |
0.121 |
92.30 |
12.31 |
100 |
1.000 |
760.09 |
101.34 |
|
-49 |
0.064 |
0.049 |
0.006 |
1 |
0.006 |
4.89 |
0.651 |
51 |
0.128 |
96.98 |
12.93 |
101 |
1.037 |
787.74 |
105.02 |
|
-48 |
0.072 |
0.055 |
0.007 |
2 |
0.007 |
5.25 |
0.700 |
52 |
0.134 |
101.86 |
13.58 |
102 |
1.074 |
816.23 |
108.82 |
|
-47 |
0.081 |
0.061 |
0.008 |
3 |
0.007 |
5.64 |
0.752 |
53 |
0.141 |
106.94 |
14.26 |
103 |
1.113 |
845.57 |
112.73 |
|
-46 |
0.091 |
0.069 |
0.009 |
4 |
0.008 |
6.06 |
0.807 |
54 |
0.148 |
112.25 |
14.97 |
104 |
1.152 |
875.78 |
116.76 |
|
-45 |
0.101 |
0.077 |
0.010 |
5 |
0.009 |
6.50 |
0.866 |
55 |
0.155 |
117.78 |
15.70 |
105 |
1.193 |
906.88 |
120.91 |
|
-44 |
0.113 |
0.086 |
0.011 |
6 |
0.009 |
6.97 |
0.929 |
56 |
0.163 |
123.53 |
16.47 |
106 |
1.235 |
938.89 |
125.17 |
|
-43 |
0.127 |
0.096 |
0.013 |
7 |
0.010 |
7.47 |
0.995 |
57 |
0.170 |
129.53 |
17.27 |
107 |
1.279 |
971.83 |
129.57 |
|
-42 |
0.141 |
0.107 |
0.014 |
8 |
0.011 |
8.00 |
1.066 |
58 |
0.179 |
135.78 |
18.10 |
108 |
1.323 |
1005.73 |
134.09 |
|
-41 |
0.157 |
0.120 |
0.016 |
9 |
0.011 |
8.56 |
1.141 |
59 |
0.187 |
142.28 |
18.97 |
109 |
1.369 |
1040.60 |
138.74 |
|
-40 |
0.175 |
0.133 |
0.018 |
10 |
0.012 |
9.16 |
1.221 |
60 |
0.196 |
149.04 |
19.87 |
110 |
1.416 |
1076.47 |
143.52 |
|
-39 |
0.195 |
0.148 |
0.020 |
11 |
0.013 |
9.79 |
1.306 |
61 |
0.205 |
156.07 |
20.81 |
111 |
1.465 |
1113.35 |
148.43 |
|
-38 |
0.216 |
0.164 |
0.022 |
12 |
0.014 |
10.47 |
1.395 |
62 |
0.215 |
163.39 |
21.78 |
112 |
1.515 |
1151.27 |
153.49 |
|
-37 |
0.240 |
0.182 |
0.024 |
13 |
0.015 |
11.18 |
1.490 |
63 |
0.225 |
171.00 |
22.80 |
113 |
1.566 |
1190.25 |
158.69 |
|
-36 |
0.266 |
0.202 |
0.027 |
14 |
0.016 |
11.93 |
1.591 |
64 |
0.235 |
178.90 |
23.85 |
114 |
1.619 |
1230.32 |
164.03 |
|
-35 |
0.294 |
0.224 |
0.030 |
15 |
0.017 |
12.73 |
1.698 |
65 |
0.246 |
187.12 |
24.95 |
115 |
1.673 |
1271.50 |
169.52 |
|
-34 |
0.325 |
0.247 |
0.033 |
16 |
0.018 |
13.58 |
1.810 |
66 |
0.257 |
195.65 |
26.08 |
116 |
1.729 |
1313.80 |
175.16 |
|
-33 |
0.360 |
0.273 |
0.036 |
17 |
0.019 |
14.47 |
1.930 |
67 |
0.269 |
204.51 |
27.27 |
117 |
1.786 |
1357.26 |
180.95 |
|
-32 |
0.397 |
0.302 |
0.040 |
18 |
0.020 |
15.42 |
2.056 |
68 |
0.281 |
213.71 |
28.49 |
118 |
1.845 |
1401.90 |
186.90 |
|
-31 |
0.438 |
0.333 |
0.044 |
19 |
0.022 |
16.42 |
2.189 |
69 |
0.294 |
223.26 |
29.77 |
119 |
1.905 |
1447.74 |
193.02 |
|
-30 |
0.482 |
0.366 |
0.049 |
20 |
0.023 |
17.47 |
2.330 |
70 |
0.307 |
233.17 |
31.09 |
120 |
1.967 |
1494.81 |
199.29 |
|
-29 |
0.531 |
0.403 |
0.054 |
21 |
0.024 |
18.59 |
2.478 |
71 |
0.320 |
243.45 |
32.46 |
121 |
2.030 |
1543.12 |
205.73 |
|
-28 |
0.583 |
0.443 |
0.059 |
22 |
0.026 |
19.76 |
2.635 |
72 |
0.334 |
254.11 |
33.88 |
125 |
2.281 |
1733.56 |
231.12 |
|
-27 |
0.641 |
0.487 |
0.065 |
23 |
0.028 |
21.00 |
2.800 |
73 |
0.349 |
265.17 |
35.35 |
130 |
2.652 |
2015.52 |
268.71 |
|
-26 |
0.703 |
0.535 |
0.071 |
24 |
0.029 |
22.31 |
2.974 |
74 |
0.364 |
276.62 |
36.88 |
135 |
3.071 |
2333.96 |
311.17 |
|
-25 |
0.771 |
0.586 |
0.078 |
25 |
0.031 |
23.69 |
3.158 |
75 |
0.380 |
288.50 |
38.46 |
140 |
3.543 |
2692.68 |
358.99 |
|
-24 |
0.845 |
0.642 |
0.086 |
26 |
0.033 |
25.14 |
3.351 |
76 |
0.396 |
300.80 |
40.10 |
145 |
4.072 |
3094.72 |
412.60 |
|
-23 |
0.925 |
0.703 |
0.094 |
27 |
0.035 |
26.66 |
3.555 |
77 |
0.413 |
313.54 |
41.80 |
150 |
4.664 |
3544.64 |
472.58 |
|
-22 |
1.012 |
0.769 |
0.102 |
28 |
0.037 |
28.27 |
3.769 |
78 |
0.430 |
326.73 |
43.56 |
155 |
5.323 |
4045.48 |
539.35 |
|
-21 |
1.105 |
0.840 |
0.112 |
29 |
0.039 |
29.96 |
3.995 |
79 |
0.448 |
340.39 |
45.38 |
160 |
6.057 |
4603.32 |
613.73 |
|
-20 |
1.207 |
0.917 |
0.122 |
30 |
0.042 |
31.74 |
4.232 |
80 |
0.466 |
354.53 |
47.27 |
165 |
6.869 |
5220.44 |
696.00 |
|
-19 |
1.317 |
1.001 |
0.133 |
31 |
0.044 |
33.61 |
4.481 |
81 |
0.486 |
369.16 |
49.22 |
170 |
7.767 |
5902.92 |
786.99 |
|
-18 |
1.435 |
1.091 |
0.145 |
32 |
0.047 |
35.57 |
4.743 |
82 |
0.506 |
384.30 |
51.24 |
175 |
8.756 |
6654.56 |
887.20 |
|
-17 |
1.563 |
1.188 |
0.158 |
33 |
0.050 |
37.63 |
5.018 |
83 |
0.526 |
399.95 |
53.32 |
180 |
9.844 |
7481.44 |
997.44 |
|
-16 |
1.702 |
1.293 |
0.172 |
34 |
0.052 |
39.80 |
5.306 |
84 |
0.548 |
416.14 |
55.48 |
185 |
11.037 |
8388.12 |
1118.32 |
|
-15 |
1.851 |
1.406 |
0.188 |
35 |
0.055 |
42.07 |
5.609 |
85 |
0.570 |
432.87 |
57.71 |
190 |
12.341 |
9379.16 |
1250.45 |
|
-14 |
2.011 |
1.528 |
0.204 |
36 |
0.058 |
44.45 |
5.927 |
86 |
0.592 |
450.17 |
60.02 |
195 |
13.765 |
10461.40 |
1394.74 |
|
-13 |
2.184 |
1.660 |
0.221 |
37 |
0.062 |
46.95 |
6.260 |
87 |
0.616 |
468.04 |
62.40 |
200 |
15.316 |
11640.16 |
1551.89 |
|
-12 |
2.370 |
1.801 |
0.240 |
38 |
0.065 |
49.57 |
6.609 |
88 |
0.640 |
486.50 |
64.86 |
205 |
17.000 |
12920.00 |
1722.53 |
|
-11 |
2.569 |
1.953 |
0.260 |
39 |
0.069 |
52.32 |
6.975 |
89 |
0.665 |
505.57 |
67.40 |
210 |
18.827 |
14308.52 |
1907.65 |
|
-10 |
2.784 |
2.116 |
0.282 |
40 |
0.073 |
55.19 |
7.358 |
90 |
0.691 |
525.27 |
70.03 |
215 |
20.804 |
15811.04 |
2107.97 |
|
-9 |
3.014 |
2.291 |
0.305 |
41 |
0.077 |
58.20 |
7.760 |
91 |
0.718 |
545.60 |
72.74 |
220 |
22.938 |
17432.88 |
2324.19 |
|
-8 |
3.261 |
2.478 |
0.330 |
42 |
0.081 |
61.35 |
8.180 |
92 |
0.746 |
566.59 |
75.54 |
225 |
25.240 |
19182.40 |
2557.44 |
|
-7 |
3.526 |
2.680 |
0.357 |
43 |
0.085 |
64.65 |
8.619 |
93 |
0.774 |
588.24 |
78.43 |
230 |
27.716 |
21064.16 |
2808.32 |
|
-6 |
3.809 |
2.895 |
0.386 |
44 |
0.090 |
68.10 |
9.079 |
94 |
0.803 |
610.59 |
81.41 |
235 |
30.376 |
23085.76 |
3077.85 |
|
-5 |
4.113 |
3.126 |
0.417 |
45 |
0.094 |
71.70 |
9.560 |
95 |
0.834 |
633.64 |
84.48 |
240 |
33.228 |
25253.28 |
3366.83 |
|
-4 |
4.438 |
3.373 |
0.450 |
46 |
0.099 |
75.47 |
10.062 |
96 |
0.865 |
657.41 |
87.65 |
245 |
36.282 |
27574.32 |
3676.27 |
|
-3 |
4.786 |
3.637 |
0.485 |
47 |
0.104 |
79.41 |
10.587 |
97 |
0.897 |
681.93 |
90.92 |
250 |
39.546 |
30054.96 |
4007.00 |
|
-2 |
5.157 |
3.919 |
0.523 |
48 |
0.110 |
83.52 |
11.136 |
98 |
0.931 |
707.20 |
94.29 |
255 |
43.029 |
32702.04 |
4359.91 |
|
-1 |
5.553 |
4.221 |
0.563 |
49 |
0.116 |
87.82 |
11.708 |
99 |
0.965 |
733.24 |
97.76 |
260 |
46.741 |
35523.16 |
4736.03 |
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