La tabla presenta la densidad del agua, ρ (g/mL), en función de la temperatura, T (°C), con una resolución fina de 0.5 °C, cubriendo desde −20 °C hasta 116 °C. Incluye tanto la región del hielo (temperaturas negativas) como la del agua líquida, y permite apreciar de forma cuantitativa cómo la densidad varía de manera no lineal con la temperatura. Uno de los rasgos más importantes que se observa es la discontinuidad en 0 °C, asociada al cambio de fase sólido-líquido, y el hecho de que el agua líquida alcanza su densidad máxima alrededor de 4 °C (≈ 1.000 g/mL), una anomalía física fundamental responsable de que el hielo flote y de la estratificación térmica de lagos y océanos.
En la práctica de laboratorio, especialmente entre 14 y 28 °C, intervalo típico de muchos laboratorios, suele adoptarse la aproximación ρ ≈ 1 g/mL, lo cual es suficiente para estimaciones rápidas, preparación de disoluciones simples o cálculos preliminares. Sin embargo, la tabla muestra que incluso en ese rango existen variaciones sistemáticas del orden de milésimas, que se vuelven relevantes en cálculos analíticos, determinaciones volumétricas precisas, correcciones de masa-volumen, trabajo metrológico o análisis fisicoquímicos rigurosos. A temperaturas elevadas, cercanas y superiores a 100 °C, la disminución continua de la densidad refleja la expansión térmica del líquido; estos valores deben interpretarse como extrapolaciones útiles para ingeniería y química física, recordando que a 1 atm el agua líquida solo es estable hasta su punto de ebullición.
|
T (°C) |
ρ (g/mL) |
T (°C) |
ρ (g/mL) |
T (°C) |
ρ (g/mL) |
T (°C) |
ρ (g/mL) |
T (°C) |
ρ (g/mL) |
T (°C) |
ρ (g/mL) |
T (°C) |
ρ (g/mL) |
|
-20.0 |
0.9193 |
-0.5 |
0.9212 |
19.0 |
0.99457 |
38.5 |
0.99409 |
58.0 |
0.98393 |
77.5 |
0.9737 |
97.0 |
0.96018 |
|
-19.5 |
0.9193 |
0.0 |
0.99984 |
19.5 |
0.99432 |
39.0 |
0.99399 |
58.5 |
0.98362 |
78.0 |
0.97341 |
97.5 |
0.95802 |
|
-19.0 |
0.9194 |
0.5 |
0.99985 |
20.0 |
0.99821 |
39.5 |
0.99388 |
59.0 |
0.9833 |
78.5 |
0.97312 |
98.0 |
0.95758 |
|
-18.5 |
0.9194 |
1.0 |
0.99987 |
20.5 |
0.99802 |
40.0 |
0.99378 |
59.5 |
0.98299 |
79.0 |
0.97283 |
98.5 |
0.95714 |
|
-18.0 |
0.9195 |
1.5 |
0.9999 |
21.0 |
0.99782 |
40.5 |
0.99367 |
60.0 |
0.98268 |
79.5 |
0.97254 |
99.0 |
0.9567 |
|
-17.5 |
0.9195 |
2.0 |
0.99994 |
21.5 |
0.99762 |
41.0 |
0.99356 |
60.5 |
0.98236 |
80.0 |
0.9718 |
99.5 |
0.95626 |
|
-17.0 |
0.9196 |
2.5 |
0.99997 |
22.0 |
0.99742 |
41.5 |
0.99344 |
61.0 |
0.98204 |
80.5 |
0.97152 |
100.0 |
0.95837 |
|
-16.5 |
0.9196 |
3.0 |
0.99999 |
22.5 |
0.99721 |
42.0 |
0.99333 |
61.5 |
0.98172 |
81.0 |
0.97123 |
100.5 |
0.95792 |
|
-16.0 |
0.9197 |
3.5 |
1.00000 |
23.0 |
0.997 |
42.5 |
0.99321 |
62.0 |
0.9814 |
81.5 |
0.97095 |
101.0 |
0.95746 |
|
-15.5 |
0.9197 |
4.0 |
1.00000 |
23.5 |
0.99679 |
43.0 |
0.99309 |
62.5 |
0.98107 |
82.0 |
0.97066 |
101.5 |
0.957 |
|
-15.0 |
0.9198 |
4.5 |
0.99999 |
24.0 |
0.99657 |
43.5 |
0.99297 |
63.0 |
0.98075 |
82.5 |
0.97037 |
102.0 |
0.95653 |
|
-14.5 |
0.9198 |
5.0 |
0.99997 |
24.5 |
0.99635 |
44.0 |
0.99284 |
63.5 |
0.98042 |
83.0 |
0.97008 |
102.5 |
0.95606 |
|
-14.0 |
0.9199 |
5.5 |
0.99993 |
25.0 |
0.99705 |
44.5 |
0.99271 |
64.0 |
0.9801 |
83.5 |
0.96979 |
103.0 |
0.95559 |
|
-13.5 |
0.9199 |
6.0 |
0.99987 |
25.5 |
0.9968 |
45.0 |
0.99258 |
64.5 |
0.97977 |
84.0 |
0.96994 |
103.5 |
0.95511 |
|
-13.0 |
0.92 |
6.5 |
0.99978 |
26.0 |
0.9965 |
45.5 |
0.99245 |
65.0 |
0.97944 |
84.5 |
0.9696 |
104.0 |
0.95463 |
|
-12.5 |
0.92 |
7.0 |
0.99968 |
26.5 |
0.9962 |
46.0 |
0.99231 |
65.5 |
0.9791 |
85.0 |
0.96926 |
104.5 |
0.95415 |
|
-12.0 |
0.9201 |
7.5 |
0.99956 |
27.0 |
0.9959 |
46.5 |
0.99217 |
66.0 |
0.97877 |
85.5 |
0.96891 |
105.0 |
0.95366 |
|
-11.5 |
0.9201 |
8.0 |
0.99943 |
27.5 |
0.9956 |
47.0 |
0.99203 |
66.5 |
0.97843 |
86.0 |
0.96856 |
105.5 |
0.95317 |
|
-11.0 |
0.9202 |
8.5 |
0.99928 |
28.0 |
0.9953 |
47.5 |
0.99188 |
67.0 |
0.9781 |
86.5 |
0.96821 |
106.0 |
0.95268 |
|
-10.5 |
0.9202 |
9.0 |
0.99912 |
28.5 |
0.995 |
48.0 |
0.99173 |
67.5 |
0.97776 |
87.0 |
0.96785 |
106.5 |
0.95218 |
|
-10.0 |
0.9203 |
9.5 |
0.99894 |
29.0 |
0.9947 |
48.5 |
0.99158 |
68.0 |
0.97742 |
87.5 |
0.96749 |
107.0 |
0.95168 |
|
-9.5 |
0.9203 |
10.0 |
0.99823 |
29.5 |
0.9944 |
49.0 |
0.99142 |
68.5 |
0.97708 |
88.0 |
0.96713 |
107.5 |
0.95118 |
|
-9.0 |
0.9204 |
10.5 |
0.99809 |
30.0 |
0.99565 |
49.5 |
0.99126 |
69.0 |
0.97673 |
88.5 |
0.96676 |
108.0 |
0.95067 |
|
-8.5 |
0.9204 |
11.0 |
0.99793 |
30.5 |
0.99544 |
50.0 |
0.991 |
69.5 |
0.97805 |
89.0 |
0.9664 |
108.5 |
0.95016 |
|
-8.0 |
0.9205 |
11.5 |
0.99776 |
31.0 |
0.99523 |
50.5 |
0.99083 |
70.0 |
0.9778 |
89.5 |
0.96603 |
109.0 |
0.94965 |
|
-7.5 |
0.9205 |
12.0 |
0.99759 |
31.5 |
0.99502 |
51.0 |
0.99065 |
70.5 |
0.97755 |
90.0 |
0.96565 |
109.5 |
0.94913 |
|
-7.0 |
0.9206 |
12.5 |
0.99741 |
32.0 |
0.9951 |
51.5 |
0.99047 |
71.0 |
0.97729 |
90.5 |
0.96528 |
110.0 |
0.94861 |
|
-6.5 |
0.9206 |
13.0 |
0.99722 |
32.5 |
0.99505 |
52.0 |
0.99029 |
71.5 |
0.97703 |
91.0 |
0.9649 |
110.5 |
0.94809 |
|
-6.0 |
0.9207 |
13.5 |
0.99702 |
33.0 |
0.99499 |
52.5 |
0.9901 |
72.0 |
0.97677 |
91.5 |
0.96452 |
111.0 |
0.94756 |
|
-5.5 |
0.9207 |
14.0 |
0.99682 |
33.5 |
0.99492 |
53.0 |
0.98991 |
72.5 |
0.9765 |
92.0 |
0.96413 |
111.5 |
0.94703 |
|
-5.0 |
0.9208 |
14.5 |
0.99662 |
34.0 |
0.99485 |
53.5 |
0.98972 |
73.0 |
0.97623 |
92.5 |
0.96375 |
112.0 |
0.9465 |
|
-4.5 |
0.9208 |
15.0 |
0.99641 |
34.5 |
0.99478 |
54.0 |
0.98952 |
73.5 |
0.97596 |
93.0 |
0.96336 |
112.5 |
0.94596 |
|
-4.0 |
0.9209 |
15.5 |
0.99619 |
35.0 |
0.99471 |
54.5 |
0.98932 |
74.0 |
0.97569 |
93.5 |
0.96297 |
113.0 |
0.94542 |
|
-3.5 |
0.9209 |
16.0 |
0.99597 |
35.5 |
0.99463 |
55.0 |
0.98573 |
74.5 |
0.97541 |
94.0 |
0.96258 |
113.5 |
0.94488 |
|
-3.0 |
0.921 |
16.5 |
0.99575 |
36.0 |
0.99455 |
55.5 |
0.98544 |
75.0 |
0.97513 |
94.5 |
0.96218 |
114.0 |
0.94433 |
|
-2.5 |
0.921 |
17.0 |
0.99552 |
36.5 |
0.99447 |
56.0 |
0.98515 |
75.5 |
0.97485 |
95.0 |
0.96178 |
114.5 |
0.94378 |
|
-2.0 |
0.9211 |
17.5 |
0.99529 |
37.0 |
0.99438 |
56.5 |
0.98485 |
76.0 |
0.97456 |
95.5 |
0.96138 |
115.0 |
0.94323 |
|
-1.5 |
0.9211 |
18.0 |
0.99505 |
37.5 |
0.99429 |
57.0 |
0.98455 |
76.5 |
0.97428 |
96.0 |
0.96098 |
115.5 |
0.94267 |
|
-1.0 |
0.9212 |
18.5 |
0.99481 |
38.0 |
0.99419 |
57.5 |
0.98424 |
77.0 |
0.97399 |
96.5 |
0.96058 |
116.0 |
0.94211 |
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